Muhammad Ali Jinnah Essay

The Allahabad Address by Allama Iqbal at the 25th session of All India Muslim League on December 19, 1930 spelled out the â€Å"Concept of Pakistan†.Here Allama Iqbal boldly presented the idea of a â€Å"separate homeland† for Indian Muslims. Jinnah, while admitting his efforts to foster Hindu-Muslim unity had fallen apart, remained fully sympathetic to serve the Indian Muslims. Allama Iqbal’s concept rapidly caught Jinnah’s attention. He returned to India in 1934 buoyant with highest levels of confidence and started to collect the Indian Muslims under   the singular banner of All India Muslim League. Jinnah and Allama Iqbal conferred regularly on strategic matters. Jinnah used Allama Iqbal’s concepts in his speeches. Under Jinnah’s wise leadership, the Muslim League expressed reservations about the weak parliament. The Congress grabbed the opportunity and contested the 1937 provincial elections. Consequently the Muslim League failed to win any majority. These events had a strong impact on Jinnah’s political perspectives. The British and Hindus had became power against the Muslims. The onus to rebuild Muslim majority came on the shoulders of Jinnah. The course of the events altered, in favor of Indian Muslims, when World War II erupted in September 1939. With Congress   demanding the British to â€Å"Quit India†, Viceroy asked Jinnah for expression of Muslim League’s position on self-government, confident that it would differ greatly from that of the Congress. Jinnah informed Viceroy that Muslim League would be demanding India’s partition instead of federation contemplated in 1935 Act. Lahore Resolution, also known as â€Å"Pakistan Resolution†, was a formal political statement adopted by the All India Muslim League on 23rd March 1940, which called for the creation of â€Å"independent state†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ for Muslims in British India. Eventually,1940 Lahore Resolution picked up pace and became unified demand for a separate Muslim state, called Pakistan. Jinnah declared Muslims would campaign on single issue: â€Å"Pakistan†. He traveled all over India and aggressively campaigned for Pakistan. His message to every one was loud and clear:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Pakistan is a matter of life or death for us.† â€Å"This was Jinnah’s glorious hour. His arduous political campaigns, his robust beliefs and claims, were at last justified.† The 1945 election results appeared to prove the universal appeal of Pakistan among Muslims of the subcontinent. These were testing times.Jinnah saw that indecisionand delays would only cause more bloodshed across Muslim-dominated areas. On 7 August Jinnah, with his sister Miss Fatima Jinnah and close aides, flew  from Delhi to Karachi and on August 11 presided   over the new constituent assembly for Pakistan. Jinnah addressed nation: â€Å"You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed. This has nothing to do with the business of the State.† On August 14, 1947,â€Å"Islamic Republic of Pakistan†came into existence, 0.first country in the world to be founded on the basis of Islamic Ideology. As Pakistan’s first head of state, Quaid-e-Azam led by example. He worked day and night to formulate policies and consolidate the entire fabric of the new Islamic Republic. During his tenure, the founder of Pakistan proudly boasted that: â€Å"Pakistan is the Castle of Islam. Pakistan should one day serve as platform for renaissance of the Caliphate System across the Muslim world.† In vital public address, on occasion of first independence day of Pakistan, on August 14, 1948, Quaid-e-Azam advised the nation: â€Å"Nature has given you everything. You have got unlimited resources. Foundations of your state have been laid, and it is now for you to build, and build as quickly and as well as you can. So go ahead and I wish you God speed.†

Relation between Economics and Law Essay

The study of Law without the knowledge of other related social sciences i.e., Political theory, Sociology and Economics, etc, is incomplete. In any law curriculum the study of Economics and Law and their interaction is increasingly found necessary. As Law influence Economics, Economics also influence Law. As a matter of fact Economics forms the basis of the study of Law. Economics reflects the socio-economic ethos of the country in particular and world in general. It becomes out of date and misleading if the Economic ethos change. But it was proved to be wrong by Dalton. The organisation, industrial structure and performance have changed in the thirty years. E.g.: policy goals, policy instrument, Economic institutions. Economics derives its aims and objectives from the study of man and must derive at least a large part of its methodology from a study of Nature. Legal Economics is a vital part in understanding the interactional dimension of Law and Economics, i.e., how modern Economics can be used to illuminate a number of legal problems. It is not sufficiently realised that the economic analysis can aid our understanding of the Law and how economic factors limit and shape the operation of crime control and legal systems. Economic considerations have varied and widespread effects on the costs and benefits that prospective offenders may expect from crime, on decisions to litigate or to settle out to court, on the significance of legal costs the practical problems of legal administration and the provision of legal services. Law and legal policy help to determine the behaviour of the economy. There are extensive legal constraints on the allocation and the distribution of resources and on labour and hou sing markets. The social functions of Law are broadly classified into three: (1) Encouraging good behaviour and discouraging bad behaviour. (2) Facilitating the people to transactions among themselves in organised legal system. (3) Distributing and re-distributing goods and services to the people. Law normally enters the scene in two guises; as public law, and as private law. The range extent of state intervention depends on the socio-economic ethos of each country. Western countries for a long time believed in laissez faire position, i.e. State interference in the economy will lead to misallocation of resources, economic inefficiency and a net wealth loss. Areas of law such as contact, tort and consumer protection legislations have obvious effects on financial dealings. In this changing scenario, there is need for guidance on the economic policy decisions by the legislature and courts which are increasingly involved with policy questions. Policy making courts need a behavioural theory of predict responses to change in Law and to evaluate these responses systematically according to normative standard. Ours is a market-oriented economy based on private enterprise. This implies two conditions- first, that all property can be privately owned and second, that people are economically free, i.e. subject to obedience to the law, they are free to use their time and means as they like. This is however, subject to the laws and regulations made by the society for the general good, otherwise it will lead to social cost. The classical economists, such as Adam Smith and his followers Marshall, Ricardo, Marthus, etc, believed that in a market economy perfect competition operates and through price mechanism (invisible hand) supply and demand of goods and services will reach equilibrium. Therefore, any interference in the market mechanism by the State will lead to economic waste and result in the economic inefficiency. Perfect competition operates only if the following conditions are satisfied: (1) Too many buyers and sellers,. They are price-takers and not price-givers; (2) Full knowledge of the products transacted in the market; (3) Homogeneity of products (product differentiation is not possible); and (4) Nil or negligible transaction costs. However, due to rapid economic development after the Industrial Revolution, the conditions mentioned above did not operate resulting in World Depression and complete collapse of the market system (in 1930’s). In these circumstances, J.M. Keynes, a well known economist propounded a new theory. He said the invisible hand relied upon by classical economists had developed arthritis and the visible hand of the Government was needed to correct the malady. He, therefore, advocated limited State intervention to correct the defects in the market mechanism so that the market operations can be revived and equilibrium achieved. He had faith in the market oriented economy. Later it was realised by the welfare and the third world economists that limited State intervention will not work and full intervention is necessary for the following reasons: (1) Steady increase in the divergence between private goods and social goods, i.e., economic development results in rapid industrialisation which in turn increases the tempo of urbanisation. (2) Rise of monopolies lead to distortion of the price system in the market economy through manipulation of supply of products and selling standard products, etc. (3) Rise of advertisement and propaganda (4) Steady increase in the divergence between private cost and social cost. Therefore, the introduction of a number of laws to protect environmental pollution (air, water and sound) has become necessary. The second feature of the market economy is the protection of property. Possession and ownership of property has been justified in economic theory because it is productive and contributes to economic growth. Propery rights are one of the incentives for efficient resource use. If there are no property rights, only common  rights, then economic behaviour takes a new form. Due to technological revolution and growth, the intangible, aspects of property surfaced and they had to be protected for economic development. Therefore, the definition of property has been widened to include not only physical property but also the intellectual property (i.e. goodwill, patents, copyright, etc). This wider definition of the property is attractive to economists and predates modern work on Demand Theory which in fact focuses on the characteristics of a ‘goods’ rather than the ‘goods’ it. The third feature of the market economy is contract. Under the classical concepts, contract between the two parties are binding and no third party can interfere. This, of course is subject to the exceptions provided in the Contract Act (i.e. contact by minors, lunatics, idiots, etc. Contracts obtained by fraud, coercion, undue influence are all void contacts). In India the sanctity of contract has been given go-by. The Supreme Court in many cases held that court can interfere in the contractual relations. For e.g., Justice Hidayatullah held that: â€Å"Social justice is not based on contractual relations and is not to be enforced on the principles of contract of service. It is something outside these principles, and is invoked to do justice without a contract to back it.† The right to personal security under the welfare State has been given more social interpretation which includes: (1) the right of the worker to be protected against the risk of sickness, unemployment and old age, (2) his right to be protected by social insurance, and (3) His right to enjoy the necessary services of Government loosely called ‘Social Services’. Another area in contract law which made inroads in the concept of ‘sanctity of contract’ is consumer protection law inasmuch as changed role in freedom of contact is viewed as one of the foundations of a well organised society. Broadly, there are four reasons for the use of consumer protection laws: (1) The doctrine of ‘caveat emptor’ does not make sense in the modern world since information is asymmetrically distributed. (2) The free market system does not lead to optional use of resources. (3) The value judgement implicit in the â€Å"devil take the hindmost† attitude to the parting of money from a fool is now much less widely held. The economic consequences of consumer protection laws are- the legislation produces a different outcome with respect to resource allocation, prices and income distribution to that which would otherwise occur, and it results in the companies’ devoting more resources to quality control or even withdraw from some markets resulting in higher market prices and different resource allocation. INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF LAW AND ECONOMICS The marrying of Economics and Law is not new. According to Posner, much of the common law can be explained in economic terms and all branches of common and statue law has been examined in the light of this theory. Empirical research has proved that law has developed according to the economic structure of the country. Economic analysis is part and parcel of several law courses. Besides, there are many courses directly on Economics and Law (Legal Economics). At present it is probably fair to say that most lawyers find it quite difficult to see how they can make use of or even sense of such of the work done by economists on law†¦ however, there are increasing signs of legal writers taking explicit account of economic arguments. There remains however considerable scope for further work on bridging the gaps between the disciplines. The high flown values that legal principles express are examined by legal economists in the light of their efficiency and their social effect and not just their self defined moral content. WHAT IS LAW? : In layman’s language law is the definition and enforcement of ‘social norms’. WHY LAW? : To maintain ‘socio-economic equilibrium’ in the society. If viewed in the static sense, then the preservation of the existing rights in the society is the purpose of the law. That is why positive law defines and defends existing rights in the society. There are three models followed by the non communist countries, i.e. (1) Pure capitalist model in a market economy where the State plays no role and market forces decide how the market operates (2) Mixed Economy model with capitalist orientation, where state plays a minor role, corrects failures in the market operations and leaves the rest to the market forces, and (3) Mixed economy with socialist orientation, where the State plays a major role, i.e., interferes in the market operations not only to correct market failures but also to social justice, not because states are richer, but people have a different concept and expectations from the State. The economic analysis of law is concerned with ‘efficiency’, i.e. rational allocation of scarce resources with lest cost to attain maximum satisfaction. In law, people are concerned with justice only and not about its cost. If there is conflict between efficiency and justice, the nature of trade-offs can be illuminated by economic analysis and since the attainment of justice involves the use of resources, the economic approach can contribute to normative discussions by providing information on the costs of justice. Use of Economics does not predict the impact of law, but to describe and explain the law-to provide it with an economic rationale. The third important feature of economic analysis of law is the resurgence of  Neo-Institutional Approach by making not the transaction, the basic unit of analysis. THE BROAD CHARACTERISTICS OF NEO-INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH (NIA) ARE: (1) It is Taxonomical. It lists a set of economically relevant categories that are useful for examining the law; (2) It is more micro-analytical. It focuses on the details of the environment in which the transaction takes place and suggests an empirical approach that requires the collection and compilation of relevant data; (3) It rejects market equilibrium analysis and instead places emphasis on the adaptation to disequilibrium; and (4) It investigates specifically institutional phenomena and uses these to develop conceptual categories. Our Constitution works on an economic system and not in vacuum. Ours is a market oriented economy where efficiency is the sole criterion and it has no place for a non economic input like social justice. Thus, there is a conflict between equality and efficiency. In a market economy where efficiency is the sole criterion, law plays a vital role in determining the efficiency of the economic activity it regulates. A law is ‘good’ if it guarantees and promotes economic efficiency and ‘bad’ if it impedes or disrupts it. The common criticism levelled against this approach is that by concentrating only on efficiency, it ignores justice in the sense that market system by encouraging efficiency, tolerates inequality of income and wealth resulting in unequal distribution of economic opportunity, thus violating the core objectives of our Constitution. However, there is a second meaning of justice i.e. in a world of scarce resources, waste or misuse of resources is considered as immoral and good law can prevent the misuse of resources and achieve efficiency and justice. In this approach, both are complementary. As Posner observes, ‘the demand for justice is not independent of its price’. A major contribution of economics is the framework that it gives the lawyer systematically to evaluate legal policy, reveal important trade-offs and interrelationships between legal goals and trace through the probable effects, costs and benefits of different laws. The economic approach not only provides an integrated treatment of the side effects but been responsible for drawing attention to the more subtle and hitherto unrecognised effects. Another contribution of economic analysis of law is that it treats legal rules as a system of incentives and disincentives which influences the actions of potential litigants. The law is seen as guiding the behaviour of groups or individuals and on the assumption of economic rationality the economic model is able to predict the direction of the response. Thus the economists tend to focus on the general effects of law such as the impact on trading behaviour of different contract remedies. This emphasis differs significantly from the way most lawyers are accustomed with grievances and of resolving individual disputes peacefully, fairly and consistently with legal doctrine. Law has also influenced socio-economic policies. â€Å"Laws and legal policy help to determine behaviour of the economy. In this context, Prof Barker observes that, â€Å"If Economic factors and economic interests have partly determined the legal framework, it is even more true that law has furnished the whole general framework of rules within which and under which the factors and interests of economics have had to work†. Legal Reform Legislations, Trust Law, Abolition of Bonded Labour (Art 23(1) of the Constitution), etc. are classical examples of how law has influenced the economic behaviour in the market economy. Legal constraints on the allocation and distribution of resources and on labour and housing markets which affect the economic activities in the market. These aspects have become vital in the globalisation of the economy and revival of the markets with privatisation as the focal point. Prof Paul Burrow said that, â€Å"Economics and Law can provide insights in places where traditional legal analysis fails to penetrate†. It is essentially nature of the two disciplines that makes us optimistic that collaboration between lawyers and economists will be increasingly fruitful in the future. TORT LAW The first topic of our study on the Economic Analysis of Law will be Tort Law because torts were one of the first bodies of Common Law to which formal economic models were applied. The broad features of tort law are: (1) It deals with civil offences only, i.e. trespass, nuisance, defamation, economic loss, etc. (2) it is judge-made law and therefore is flexible (unlike criminal law) (3) Tort Law aims at compensation as opposed to criminal prosecution which aims at punishment. There are three elements in torts: (a) Breach of duty owned to the plaintiff by the defendant; (b) Harm suffered by the plaintiff; and (c) The breach being the immediate or proximate cause of the harm. Breach of duty must give rise to measurable damages, valued in terms of money or moneys’ worth. The four possible bases of the action for damages are: (a) Appeasement; (b) Justice; (c) Deterrence; and (d) Compensation. (1) APPEASEMENT: The objectives of both tort and criminal laws are to encourage good behaviour and discourage bad behaviour. The victim receives money as appeasement and he is pleased that aggressor is discomfited by being made to pay. By this means, the victim is induced to let off stream ‘within the law rather than outside it’. (2) JUSTICE: two variants of this theory are: (a) The principle of Ethical Retribution: the pavement of compensation is an evil for the offender and that justice requires that he should suffer this evil. (b) The Principle of Ethical Compensation: this looks from the point of the victim. The payment of compensation is a benefit to the victim of the wrong and justice requires that he should receive compensation. (3) DETERRANCE: the action in tort is a â€Å"judicial parable† designed to control the future conduct of the community in general. According to Austin, the proximate end of evil action is redress to the injured party; but its remote and paramount end is the same as that of the criminal sanction, the presentation of the offences generally. (4) COMPENSATION: Compensatory or reparative theory demands that one who has caused injury to another must make good the damage whether he was at fault or not. It justifies strict liability. Be that as it may, we are concerned as students of Legal Economics with economic efficiency objectives of tort law. Before that we will discuss briefly the legal objectives of tort. Holmes and later others are of the opinion that tort law has no interests in shifting the loss from the victim of an accident to others unless this serves some special objective, ranging from vindication, preserving the peace by ‘buying off’ the victims, desire  to retaliate, ethical retribution, compensation and deterrence the connected question is whether Common Law imposes liability for failure to resume. This concept has been rejected as not practicable since it is difficult to set limits of social interference with individual liberty. ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY: it is not concerned with morality or social purpose, etc, as in legal objectives of tort liability. It requires the minimisation of three costs: (a) The losses due to accidents; (b) The cost of preventing the accidents; and (c) The costs of administering a system of accidental law. In the light of the above discussion, we can safely conclude that the Tort Law, in India, is out of date, costly and reliefs meagre. As a result, it is economically inefficient, apart from special injustice caused to many of the victims of civil offences. CONTRACT LAW In a market oriented economy, the core concepts are property and contacts. These are basically, economic concepts, but law regulates them, contracts are devices for facilitating trade and economising costs of making transactions. By trading in promises for future delivery, traders can reduce uncertainty about the future. This requires adequate legal safeguards so that both the parties to the contract are secure and pan their activities accordingly.

Beauty in Jane

The movie â€Å"American beauty† through its very title conveys the idea that it focuses on beauty as an important concept in human relationships. One of the special instances when the idea of beauty is given a fresh interpretation is the relationship between Ricky, the next-door neighbor of the Burnham family, and Jane Burnham. The beauty Ricky sees in Jane is deep inner beauty, the beauty of the soul that exceeds the conformance of the body to popular standards.Like any other American teenage girl, Jane seems to be worried a lot about standards and conformance to those. In fact, she even considers plastic surgery to increase her breasts since she is worried about her body image. She is not even coming close to the model looks of her friend, Angela Hayes, and this makes Jane a shy and insecure girl in the company of teenagers. It is the age when people care about external beauty and want to look their idols, popular models and actresses they see in glossy magazines.It is Rick y who comes into Jane’s life to teach her his special understanding of beauty. The guy who thinks the floating of the plastic bag finds enough wisdom to see that Jane is special in the sense that she does not conform to standards, and this makes her especially beautiful in his eyes. Ricky has the courage to tell the wildly popular Angela in response to her phrase â€Å"Well, at least I'm not ugly! † things like â€Å"Yes, you are.And you're boring, and you're totally ordinary, and you know it† (American Beauty). The movie teaches the audience about the kind of beauty that really makes people stand out. It is the beauty that lies in the heart. It is special and may be not seen by all people at a time, and it is exactly the kind of beauty Ricky discerned in Jane. Bibliography American Beauty. Dir. Sam Mendes. Perf. Kevin Spacey, Annette Bening, Thora Birch, Jude Law. 1999.

The first crusade 1096-1109 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The first crusade 1096-1109 - Essay Example Visiting places that were thought to be sacred was a common practice upheld by early Christians. Of particular importance was the city of Jerusalem. Since the time of Emperor Constantine, pilgrimage to Jerusalem was highly embraced by most economically able Christians. According to Khalidi, this city was thought to be holy due to the fact that it was the place where most events surrounding Jesus’ nativity, crucifixion, death, burial and resurrection took place (Khalidi 82). Therefore, for Christians, visiting Jerusalem was a blessing than just a mere experience. The city of Jerusalem was under the rule of the Saracen Caliphs, a Moslem Jihad group, since 638 AD. However, up to the tenth century, Christians could still be allowed to visit the Holy city. The caliphs encouraged the Jerusalem pilgrimage and made it one of the main sources of their revenue. At the dawn of the eleventh century, everything changed. A serious Muslim group comprising the Seljukian Turks from the ancient kingdom of Persia fought the Caliphs out of the region. Unaware of the change in power, about three thousand pilgrims to Jerusalem were caught unaware and persecuted. Jerusalem was captured by the Seljukian Turks in 1065 and all its holy and important places were destroyed (Al-Athar 109). This news was sadly received by Western Europe Christians. At the same period, the Normans had permanently settled in France and conquered England and the entire Roman Empire. The next step for them now was to conquer more kingdoms in order to satisfy their insatiable desire of expanding their territories. Therefore, their leaders began to strategize on how to conquer the entire Mediterranean region and take away Jerusalem from the hands of the Islamic Fatimids and the Seljuk Turks... This essay discusses that when the First Crusade broke out, most of the Islamic countries and the ruling powers of the time were disunited. They fought one another and they had been weakened by the time the crusade was launched. They could not combine their forces against the common western enemy. For instance, the Fatimids and the Seljuks attacked the Latin Christians separately. On the other hand, some cities under the control of Muslims had traitors who betrayed their fellow Muslims. A good example is Firouz who accepted a bribe to leave some gates of Antioch open for the enemy (Khalidi 363). The crusader armies were many in number. The army comprised of more than 35, 000 crusaders. Whenever this army was starving of hunger, good Samaritans came to their aid. For instance, Baldwin supplied them with enough food when they were planning to attack Antioch. Moreover, the revelations made by some of their priests encouraged the crusaders and gave them hope of victory against their oppo nents. The First Crusade is considered by many as the most successful of all the nine crusades. This is due to the fact that it enabled the West to set up a power base in the city of Jerusalem for the very first time since the collapse of the Roman Empire. The crusade was really advantageous in that apart from enhancing the Latin Christians’ grip on the Holy City-Jerusalem- it opened several international trade routes between Europe and the Middle East. The First Crusade led to the emergence of four new crusade states.

Mens Rea Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mens Rea - Personal Statement Example He was perhaps in his early thirties medium height and bearded face. What stood out to me at the moment was that he wore well fitted tan suit. I presumed that he was a business man of some sort. Like most in this particular coffee shop, he sat on his chair busily minding his lap top and scribbling on his note pad. He next began talking to himself. I privately concluded that he was a journalist preparing for an interview. My notion was dashed when I noticed a bewildered expression cross his features. He glanced around, panic stricken with eyes darting about. It was almost as if he did not realize where he was. I spent a minute watching him look about like a caged animal and found myself compelled to assist him. Standing with latte in hand, I strode over to assist and en route asked "Are you ok" "Do you need help with something" He stood, the same animal, now cowering but yelling "YOU'RE TRESPASSING, YOU'RE IN MY SPACE". I quickly apologized and left the caf. I consoled myself noting that this man in the nice suit needed some serious couch time. Maybe he was in the middle of a panic attack, I surmised. Yet I wondered was I trespassing If a police officer had been in the caf, would I have been charged I was only trying to help so why did he use that specific legal termtrespassing. Determined to not have my day ruined, I chalked up the experience to a gross misunderstanding by a tortured soul and proceeded about my business. Putting the episode behind me I strolled south on Boston street when suddenly some greenish hued paper caught my eye. To my delight there was a five dollar bill lying on the ground utterly abandoned. I took a moment and looked around me to see if perhaps there was someone searching for it. Nope, the money was mine. I smiled knowing that karma was now on my side and leaned down to pick it up. Suddenly, this screeching voice hurled an accusation and I found myself confronted by flip flops commandeered by toes in desperate need of a pedicure. "You took my Money"!!! My stomach lurched, not again! What is going on today I rose to a tall woman maybe in her middle twenties with black hair wearing blue short shorts and a tank top and flip flops standing there. Setting aside for a moment the fact that she had absolutely no business wearing short shorts, I was being yelled at by this crazy woman with her perfectly lacquered talons waving in my face. Transfixed and trapped by the talons, I quickly returned the five dollars to her muttering an apology. I didn't want any trouble. The woman screamed, "You're lucky you gave it back, I can still call the cops!" I sensed her aggression and replied with, "so sorry ma'am". I could not believe this was happening. If I didn't know better I'd swear I was on candid camera. I wondered what was happening and praying that it would change. I turned around to make my exit and trotted towards the park. It's peaceful there, I concluded. Eyes forward because now I am convinced that the whole town thinks that I am a criminal and I am horrified to see the looks on their faces, I continue my trot. I remind myself that the park is a safe place, a happy place, a peaceful place. Yes, only good things happen in the park and dammit I left my latte back with Ms. Shorty shorts. Should I get another Nah, better just get to the park. I had about three more blocks to go before I reached the park. The whole time I kept repeating positive affirmations

Leagile Manufacturing System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Leagile Manufacturing System - Essay Example The consumer groups reflected high amount of problems in getting the right quantity and quality of products owing to the misappropriate use of the just-in-time model. Leagile manufacturing system is observed to largely falter owing to the excess availability of dead stock levels that failed to meet the fluctuating demand scenario in the external market. This fact led to the rise in cost of holding such dead inventories in regards to the customers and the concern itself. Moreover the system of placing orders to the suppliers and also in meeting the order requirements of the consumer groups received severe halts on account of inappropriate stock levels. The entire operational and sales teams’ efforts were in vain on account of such growing problems which also started reducing their motivation to render further productivity. In regards to the above problem the following paper aims at bringing about separate strategies that would in turn help to bring about effective strategies th at would help in reducing the cost of holding inventory and also in helping in meeting consumer requirements. The paper in turn also focuses on the separate implementation activities that the organization should take in order to involve the separate stakeholders in the change process and thereby develop an enhanced cultural climate in the concern aiming at fostering better relationship with the consumers. Linkages between Customer Needs, the Company’s Strategies and Its Current Operational Issues Scott Murphy as the Vice President of Operations for Leagile Manufacturing Systems is found to have decided into implementing the concepts

Astronomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Astronomy - Essay Example 1 D. Advanced Computer methodologies are there which embed the light into arbitrary colors that are perceptible. The Hubble Space Telescope is intelligent to determine wavelengths starting from 0.1150 to 2 micrometers other than visible region. 2 A. Ions are charged particles whereas atoms are neutral. When an atom looses or gains an electron it is said to be ion. For example sodium metal in neutral state is composed of atoms where as sodium in sodium chloride is ion. 2 C. Hot objects release more of their light at short wavelengths. This is because of the reason that hot bodies have blue intensity peaks and thus the wavelength for blue color is relatively smaller whilst the cooler objects have red intensity peaks means their wavelength is relatively longer due to the color of the peak. 2 D. The spectrum produced from white light comprises of all colors is termed as a continuous spectrum. Continuous spectra are formed by all radiant solids, liquids and gases under high pressure. A gas at low pressure does not make a continuous spectrum but forms a line spectrum explicated as individual lines at definite frequencies of the gas. If the gas is manipulated luminescent by warmth or an electric discharge, the consequential spectrum is a bright-line, or emission, spectrum, consisting of a series of bright lines against a dark background. A dark-line, or absorption spectrum is the reciprocal of a bright-line spectrum; it is formed when white light comprising all frequencies transcends through a gas not hot sufficient to be radiant. 3. In astronomy, spectral classification is a classification of stars founded on their spectral distinctiveness. The spectral classification arrived at a specified class of a star explicating the radicalization of its chromospheres, what atomic excitations are mainly well-known in the light, providing a purposeful determination of the temperature in chromospheres. Light from a specific star is assessed by breaking it up

Death Penalty Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Death Penalty Debate - Essay Example The main argument in favor of death penalty is the possibility of an innocent person being mistakenly executed. Given the long and rigorous justice process that precedes the conviction of a person beyond a shadow of doubt, the risk of such an incidence is extremely low. There are also arguments that a criminal can still reform and atone. Opponents of death penalty argue that society should not give up on wrongdoers altogether. In my opinion, it is the victim's near and dear ones who can give a fitting answer to this question. I am sure that the parents whose daughter has been raped and killed in cold blood will not forgive the criminal. It is the society's responsibility that they should get justice. Capital punishment is a reflection of the public belief that some crimes so grievously offend humanity as to merit a death punishment (Sharp, 2000). Perhaps this is why it still finds support in many of the world's nations (Wikipedia, 2007 ). It has been proved that convicted criminals freed on parole or probation commit thousands of violent crimes every year, thus endangering the lives and property of many innocents (Sharp, 1997). Therefore, the death penalty saves lives in the long run. It should definitely be given for extreme crimes in order to deliver justice to the victimized as well as to deter future offenders. i) Deterrence - The main advantages of this punishment in this philosophy is that many future crimes either by the

Innovation, Change and Motivation at Nucor Corporation Essay

Innovation, Change and Motivation at Nucor Corporation - Essay Example Apart from these cultural values, none of the company’s employees is unionized. Nucor does not approve of unions, as it believes the culture is counterproductive, especially where building of a strong workforce whose objective is to serve the steel company’s interests is concerned. Nonetheless, the employees remain committed to quality of service and lay-offs are minimal. (a) Devolved Management system Nucor is heavily devolved in its operations, a culture that enables the employees to be innovative in their work and develop a feeling that they are owner-operators. In light of this, the company encourages most of the decisions about the business operations to be made at the lower level. In addition, Nucor’s claim that only 65 employees work at the headquarters is quite telling about the company’s lean culture. (b) Performance-driven rewards Nucor has established general rules of compensation which apply to all employees. The policies provide for a uniform compensation for individual employees who meet particular incentive-specific objectives. Apart from these common bonus plans, Nucor Corporation has periodically awarded extraordinary rewards to all employees, in the financial years when the company has made the highest amounts of profits. For instance, the company’s record sales of $23.6 billion in 2008, which was up from $4.6 billion in 2000 trickled down to the employees’ pockets, with the Chief Executive earning a whopping $ 5.24 million (Ivancevich, Konopaske, & Matteson, 2007). The uniform treatment of employees has tremendously reduced the gaps between the earnings of senior executives and lower ranking employees. (c) Egalitarian perks The company’s senior executives are not guaranteed traditional high bonuses such as company cars, executive parking slots or executive dining rooms (Ivancevich, Konopaske, & Matteson, 2007). Additionally, the publication of all the names of the company’s employees at the back of Nucor’s annual reports is a clear indication of the company’s egalitarian culture and inclusiveness of the decision-making processes. This is also a sign that the company values all of the employees, irrespective of their position within the organization. (d) Effective customer service Although, the text rarely mentions sound customer service at Nucor, it can be inferred. Effective customer service and quality can be explained by the simplicity and courtesy, which the Chief Executive cultivates. The culture of inclusivity, teamwork and appreciation of every person’s effort is a clear indication that all the stakeholders in the company are assured of respect and recognition. (e) Technology-driven culture Nucor Corporation is undeniably banking on the technological edge in its production of steel products. The process of using electric arc furnaces to liquefy scrap metal is the first of its kind in the twenty-first century (Ivancevich, Konopaske, & Mat teson, 2007). Currently, Nucor’s association with two multinational steel companies in the running of the Crawfordsville facility, which specializes in the manufacture of sheet of steel from liquefied steel without necessarily deploying heavy, costly, and energy-inefficient rollers, is in itself a technological breakthrough that many steel companies have not yet adopted. Question # 2 Nucor has maintained the gap between executive pay and that of lower-ranking employees to the bare minimum as compared to other American companies. Since 1980s, the level of growth recorded by companies has been growing at almost the same pace as that of executive compensation (Ivancevich, Konopaske, & Matteson, 2007). Globalization makes highly performing executives more likely to

Voluntary drafts in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Voluntary drafts in America - Essay Example Voluntary drafts in America Historically speaking, the draft was signed by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1940 and it required all males between the ages of 18 to 25 years to be called in times of war or if there is a crisis in the country. Those who didn’t abide by were liable for a fine of $ 25, 0000 and imprisonment of five years (Friedberg, 70). The idea behind initiating this draft service was to raise manpower in case; if the United States faces any aggression outside its borders. Today, with an army of 1.4 million forces, (Friedberg, 82) the United States is a super power with deep rooted interests across the globe. So, those who occupy the corridors of powers: felt a need to make available a kind of a reserve force which could strengthen the armed forces in times of war and peace. Although this draft has been discontinued under President Nixon in 1973, (Oi, 42) the present times have seen an increasing focus on a debate about revoking this draft yet, again as the USA is embroiled in active combative scenarios in various countries around the world. This essay will examine if it would be prudent or otherwise; to make this sign up mandatory on the people. We have witnessed the two world wars and several military conflicts in the past decades, but the aftermath of technological advancement is also obvious in the changing natures of war. While the main crux of the war used to be active combat on battlefield in the past, now strikes from drones and guerilla warfare have been declared no less successful. This is the main reason why there is a growing need to bring up trained soldiers who are equipped and experienced in participating in a war. The lists of signatories who are enlisted in the draft are least bit prepared when it comes to actual warfare, having left behind families and any kind of militia training wound be found lacking in them that can potentially affect the outcome of the war. Making the draft mandatory on the citizens would set a wrong precedent of individuals taking up arms against an enemy and being driven towards killing others or even risk being killed. Going to the war is a decision that is taken by a group of indivi duals forming the government after following a due process of consultation. Only the government has resources that are necessary to meet that end. And hence, the responsibility too lies with it, and it must ensure to take up all steps to achieve the goals for that specific action. Those who favor an increased and compelled upon role of the people in case their nation goes to war, assert that there comes a time when the citizens need to reciprocate their association with their country by a meaningful contribution. It in no way should reflect that they are being deprived of their liberty as an individual. In one’s life, the rights and duties go hand in hand and fulfillment of one’s duty to the state is no less important. According to them, the citizens of a nation are liable to serve their country, because it is their nation that bestows them with opportunities to succeed through provision of rights and liberties, grants them a status of a citizen and unites them into a nation. Hence, they believe that a state owns the life of its citizens, and could claim it whenever a crisis situation emerges (Horowitz,Levendusky, 9). However, their claim presupposes that fighting for one’

The Economic Way of Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Economic Way of Thinking - Essay Example This paper outlines the growing importance of applying economic way of thinking in today`s world. Thinking economically provides a perspective on social transactions and human decisions. It can be summarized as the perspective that egresses from the supposition that all kinds of social processes consequence from interactions amongst the selections made by individuals after estimating the anticipated costs and benefits their choices inherent. Economics maintains that individuals make selections on the basis of their perceptions of what could be beneficial to them. The instruments of economic thinking assist individuals in understanding what determines the perceptions of alternatives faced by individuals. Economics relates with human actions, the way they respond to situations and the way the actions of different individuals are aligned in society. Economic thinking is ubiquitously suitable and always practicable; it can be employed by any culture or age group, in any context or situation. The perceptivity it furnishes is powerful and can assist even very juvenile students add up of the sometimes bewildering world. The instruments of economic thinking assist individuals in understanding what determines the perceptions of alternatives faced by individuals The centrality of apprehending human behavior resides in discovering incentives. There are a number of principles that can be considered as fundamental to economic thinking and can help in understanding the way humans behave, public policy matters and markets. Moreover, prices and markets coordinate with each other in influencing the human behavior. Discussion Thinking economically provides a perspective on social transactions and human decisions. It can be summarized as the perspective that egresses from the supposition that all kinds of social processes consequence from interactions amongst the selections made by individuals after estimating the anticipated costs and benefits their choices inherent. This view is particularly useful when applied to explain the functioning of predominately neutral network of dealings that are referred as simply economy or the market system. Economics basically deals with the reality of scarcity that makes individuals to pick amongst various alternatives since there is a competition over scarce resources amongst individuals as the services and goods are desired in much greater quantity than they are available in the nature (Slesinger, Gilbertie & Tarullo, 1993). Being human, people desire for services and g oods is virtually limitless. But this unlimited desire cannot be furnished, due to the presence of constraints that restricts our ability to fulfill our wants. Scarcity is said to be there whenever the resource or good desired is available in lesser amounts in nature than the amounts required or desired by people. However, there exist few resources that are not scarce like sea water as it is less required than its availability but everything else is less than what is required by people even the time is scarce too. Economically a good may be considered as scarce even if it has been produced in greater quantities as long as it is not provided by nature in quantities required by all individuals. Such as automobiles and apples that can be seen in abundance in United States but still they are scarce because we’ll need more than what has been provided by the nature (Giesbrecht & Clayton, 1997). This concept of scarcity makes people to choose amongst the options provided such as a s tudent may consider deciding between studying for an hour and watching a movie for the utilization of his time. And these choices are the outcome of the scarcity. These choices can be based on intuition but economics calls for rationality. Rationality requires that while deciding the associated benefits and costs of a decision should be compared and whenever a choice is made, it consequences from the

A Revolutionary Approach Essay Example for Free

A Revolutionary Approach Essay I believe that the pressures of work can strip the energies off anyone. Without the right motivation, anyone can be a victim of this scenario. For me, happiness is an important ingredient to make work worthwhile. Joy at work, according to Bakke (2005) begins with individual initiative and individual control. It is my great understanding that my happiness at work depends solely with my attitude. Like success, joy at work may only be achieved if I allow it to happen. I can be successful if I allow myself to be. In like manner, if I choose to be unhappy and unsuccessful, I can do things to make my life that way too. Oftentimes, we find ourselves looking for reasons to stay in a company where we work. When the excitement wears off, we start weighing our other options. Some of us may opt to try our luck somewhere. Some may even shift careers with the hope that their new chosen field will turn them into happier persons. Bakke (2005) illustrates at least 10 aspects in the workplace that will bring joy at work. First on hs list is that: When given the opportunity to use our ability to reason, make decisions, and take responsibility for our actions, we experience joy at work. This tells us that in order to achieve joy at work, we should learn to communicate our feelings to our superiors to be able to inform them of certain situations in the workplace. As responsible workers, we should also learn to make our own decisions. This will show how efficient we are and how ell we can perform the duties and responsibles assigned to us. Bakke’s Joy at Work listed that, The purpose of business is not to maximize profits for shareholders but to steward our resources to serve the world in an economically sustainable way. Putting it the other way, we should understand that what we’re doing at the moment as career persons may translate to the world in general. As workers, we are contributing to the world’s economy. Without our efforts, we may not be able to achieve economic supremacy. Thirdly, we should attempt to create the most fun workplace in the history of the world (Chapter 3). No effort should be looked upon as too small or too little. Every task when pooled together contributes to the bigger share. We can make our workplace a joyful spot for everyone by the amount of happiness we contribute. The other way to achieve joy at work is to eliminate management, organization charts, job descriptions and hourly wages. All employees must be treated with importance. Job descriptions, hourly wages and the rest will only make them compete with each other. Another important aspect of joy at work is, fairness means treating everybody differently. Each of us is unique and each of us is born with his own talent. Thus managers must see to it that their employees are treated that way they should be. The other details listed by Bakke (2005) are: Principles and values must guide all decision; put other stakeholders (shareholders, customers, suppliers, etc. ) equal to or above yourself; everyone must get advice before making a decision. If you don’t seek advice, â€Å"you’re fired; and finally, a â€Å"good† decision should make all the stakeholders unhappy because no individual or group got all they wanted; and lead with passion, humility, and love. Being happy at work boils down to one thing. I believe that everything else depends on the person. As I mentioned above, our happiness depends on us as individual persons. We can choose to either be happy or sad in the workplace. As a member of a certain company, we should learn to appreciate what we have and be happy with what we have. Work Cited: Bake, Dennis W. Joy at Work: A Revolutionary Approach to Fun on the Job. PVG. January 2005

A Review On The War Prayer

A Review On The War Prayer Mark Twain, also known as Samuel Clemens, is the author of the War Prayer. The War Prayer is about a small town that prays for the victory of their soldiers against their enemies. A messenger from God comes to reveal to the town how selfish and brutal they are in the fervor of their wishes. He explains to them that the same prayer that their soldiers will crush the foe, although denoting victory for them, is wishing for violent and bloody deaths for those on the opposing side. By saying that you survived a tragedy where many other lives were lost because God saved you, is not only a selfish thought (because, you know, God loves you more than everyone else) but also does suggest that everyone else who did die were unworthy of Gods redemption. I believe that many people do pray the same as the congregation without realizing how their prayers, if answered, would harshly affect others. In this manner, I believe that The War Prayer is a very educational story. 2. According to Thomas Merton who are the sane ones and what do they do-compare them to the insane ones? The sane ones are the polite society. They are those who run world with a smile and a Blackberry. They are the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦well-adapted ones, who can without qualms and without nausea aim the missiles and press the buttonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Pfohl pg.1) They protect us from the crazies. The sane ones are the high school football team/cheerleading squad assholes that would treat a homosexual the same as a rapist, because, in their minds, they are one in the same. They are most likely white and male. The sane ones, according to Thomas Merton, are the dangerous ones, for they will destruct us all with their cool calculations. The insane ones are those who fight and object to the sane ones. They are labeled insane because they are the losers, the 2nd to the sane, so they must be insane (as thought of by the sane ones). 3. According to the author of the text, the story of deviance and social control is a battle story: Winners get to dictate the terms and decide what groups or individuals are deviant and the losers are seen how? Explain and analyze, please. Stephen Pfohl, the author of our text, believes that the story of society is very much a battle story in which to win the battle is to lay claim to the behaviors and thoughts of all of society. The winners are allowed to deem what is normal, acceptable, and good. The losers ARE what is strange, repulsive, and all around, bad. The losers are caught up in the wake and whirlpool of oppressive social mores left behind by the winners. Winners exist because losers exist, and vice versa, Deviants are only one part of the story of deviance and social control. Deviants never exist except in relation to those who attempt to control them. Deviants exist only in opposition to those whom they threaten and those who have enough power to control against such threats (Pfohl pg. 3). The losers are seen as deviants, quite simply. 4. Deviants only exist in relationship to the people who create them. Explain and analyze this statement, please. Many view the people who contradict them or their beliefs in lifestyle as deviant. It is who they fear that they call deviant to their way of life. It is explained best in our textbook, Deviants exist only in opposition to those whom they threaten and those who have enough power to control against such threats (Pfohl pg. 3). An example of this ignorant kind of fear is the manner in which many political conservatives talk about President Obama. They view him as deviant because he threatens them. He is not who should be in charge because he is black and liberal, and wealthy and powerful enough to enforce his opinions and beliefs. In other words, he is different than the array of old, white presidents that came before him. They are frightened by what they do not know or understand so they classify him as deviant. I believe that this sentence is stating that those who you deem as deviant are probably only relevant or personal to you or your culture. In this way, choosing your deviants and demons is very much like choosing someone to befriend. 5. Do people categorized as deviants really behave in a more dangerous fashion than others? Give at least three examples of where this is not the case. No. Take for instance, homosexuals. They are but humans with a different sexual preference and although that does frighten some (I would attest that they are frightened because they have a scary stirring in their pants for an individual of the same sex) they are no more likely to behave dangerously than heterosexuals, in some cases, less. Homosexuals rarely, if ever, participate in hate crimes whereas heterosexuals (or those that claim as such) have been harming and murdering homosexuals for centuries, just because they love, intimately, someone of the same sex. It is said best in our text, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ large numbers of men whose sin involved nothing but the sharing of sexual intimacies with other men were also tortured and burnt at the stake (Pfohl pg. 38). Although many do attack feminists (especially female feminists) because they are seen as mistresses of Satan sent to destroy the nuclear family, they are, simply, women who have tried/been trying/are trying to improve the lives of women, everywhere. The religious community has persecuted women for centuries, including pagan natural healers because they were different and intelligent in mystical, yet natural, realms that they did not understand. Even now, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they remain committed to restricting a womans right to make private choices concerning pregnancy and abortion (Pfohl pg.41). Feminist beliefs are empowering and liberating and while that does frighten some, they generally improve life for many PEOPLE, not just women, around the world. They are not crazy, hair-lipped, lesbians running around hacking babies to death, generally (although the GOP might see them as such.) They behave in no more violent behavior then do the non-feminist, although I would argue that the non-f eminist is much more dangerous in their beliefs. While we typically like to label drug users as deviant, because they are the nasty, violent inhabitants of a ghetto or dirty hippies, we are all drug users. There are drugs in the simplest over the counter creams and a high amount of caffeine in our coca-cola. A grown adult who smokes marijuana in the privacy of their home is much less dangerous than the cigarette smoker in a restaurant, for the secondhand smoke is dangerous to the innocent bystanders around them. We cannot condemn one type of smoker without condemning them all, but yet we dont condemn cigarette smokers because there is serious bank to be made. We cannot label all drug users as dangerous when we are all drug users. It is violent people who are violent. People are not violent due to race, sex, age, acne cream, or the occasional recreational use of pot. 6. What is the power-reflexive approach? The power-reflexive approach suggests that humans naturally frame their life experiences where some things are singled out and exaggerated while others are excluded or demonized. The text relates the power-reflexive approach as, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a critical approach to deviance, rooted in the recognition that every act of naming, theorizing, or translating lived experience into language isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦an act of exclusion, displacement, or sacrifice (Pfohl pg. 7). 7. If your right eye leads you astray, pluck it out and throw it away; it is better for you to lose one of your members than that your whole body should be thrown on to the rubbish-heap. Matthew 5:29 Discuss this quote; analyze and interpret. Simply, it is far better for you to lose one small thing, such as maiming your body, than to condemn your whole-self to temptation and Hell. To prevent going to Hell it is better than you take upon yourself, with conviction, to cut off the troublesome body part. An example, if you yearn to touch a hooker, it is far better that you cut off your hand than to touch that hooker. By cutting off your hand you can never touch a hooker and therefore you have secured your place in Heaven. The quote tells you to eliminate the evil, the temptation, by cutting off the hand. However, the temptation doesnt go away just because you cut your hand off (this is where Matthew 5:29 is refuted, in my opinion). 8. What is the ritual of a thousand deaths? What is the purpose of this punishment? Why break the long bones in the body? The ritual of a thousand deaths is symbolic and tortuous public execution. It was believed that the act of a long and painful execution would purify the body and the community of demonic possession. The ritual was sanctioned by religious officials. The ritual was used to cleanse and protect the town against evil/demonic spirits. The ritual of a thousand deaths, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦involved the application of purifying pain inch by inch to the demonically infested body with death but the last step in the restoration of supernatural order (Pfohl pg. 30). The long bones in the body of the sinner were broken to purge the body of the evil spirits. This form of execution could include the peeling away of skin with hot pincers, the application of boiling liquid, the pulling and dragging (four-quartering) with horses, and the breaking on the wheel. 9. What is the difference in the way that an acephalous community handles perceived acts of deviance compared to societies with centralized control hierarchies, what are the disadvantages/ advantages of the acephalous community and what are the disadvantages/advantages of the society with centralized control? Acephalous communities handle acts of deviance with negotiation and reconciliation. There is no true leader to organize and set rules and laws. Power is equally spread among the members of the community. The community is more interested in settling the conflict, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦rather than exorcising trouble out of particular individuals (Pfohl pg. 33). A big advantage was that the communities usually get along very well. A huge disadvantage to achephalous communities, as we saw in the Taboo video, is that people can still be charged of witchcraft and found guilty by a chicken. The people in the achephalous community in the video relied on supernatural means to condemn and expel a woman from her community, all that she had ever known, to live in a community with other accused witches. The main difference between the acehalous communities and the community/centralized control was that the latter believed in purging the wrongdoer of their sin in public. This was not about reconciliation but about punishment. Communities with centralized control have the death penalty as opposed to negotiation and reconciliation. An advantage of this form was that embarrassment was used a deterrent towards sinful behavior because the punishments were inflicted in front of the whole community and this may have deterred crime. A huge disadvantage to this form was that the poor were often times more victimized than the rich. 10. What is trial by ordeal; give an example? In relationship to living within an acephalous community how does this customary observance help to ameliorate conflict? In some regions of the world trial by ordeal was/is used to detect the guilty person through supernatural means. Trial by ordeal is trial by pain. The text best explains, Trial by ordeal quite frankly meant trial by torture. Such trials were presided over by priests or other ordained representatives of the divineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Pfohl pg. 25). The accused person would be subjected to a painful test of their innocence wherein God would confirm that the accused was guilty or innocent. The thought was that if a person was subjected to the pain but felt no pain, then God was protecting them and they were innocent. However the guilty would feel the harsh pain and cry out their confessions immediately. An example of a trial by ordeal is in a Kabre tribe. The ritual they use for their trial by ordeal is to have the accused and the accuser to stick their hands into a boiling pot of oil to retrieve an iron ring. Whoever retrieved the ring unscathed was telling the truth and God was showing it to be true After watching the Taboo video in class, I believe that it ameliorates conflict because the matter was settled and the problem was solved. Acephalous communities used trial by ordeal to reconcile their communities. There was no need to continue in harsh words and accusations. Trials by ordeal helped to reconcile the accuser and accused and also helped reconcile the guilty and God. 11. What group of people was more likely to be persecuted as witches from the 15th to the 18th century? Why? Who was Lilith and from where did she come? What message does this convey to society about the way that women are supposed to behave? Women, especially unmarried women (lesbians, spinsters, and widows) and peasant women who were natural healers, were much more likely to be targeted in witch hunts. Women were targeted because of the edict à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦In the third chapter of Genesis, the first book of the Bible, it is written that the Lord said to Eve, Let your urge be for your husband, and he shall rule over you (Pfohl pgs. 37-38). These women were hunted and feared à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦because they lived outside heterosexual hierarchies and the logical imperatives of patriarchal social control (Pfohl pg.38). Ancient biblical texts and the Midrash, a way of understanding Biblical stories, seem to imply that at one time Hebrews believed that a woman was created before Eve and her name was Lilith. Lilith was bore the same and equal to Adam. She was very strong in her convictions and constantly fought with Adam. Lilith also refused to lie beneath Adam because to do so would degrade her. When Lilith realized that Adam would attempt to oppress and possess her, she left him to live in a cave on the coast of the Red Sea. After she left Adam, Lilith became, well, a harlot (shocking!). She began to associate with demons. Lilith became the picture of a woman given sexual freedom and possession of her own thought and free will and this was a dangerous picture. This picture served as a message to society that women should strive against this idea of Lilith, of powerful womanhood. Women were to be pliable and submissive figures and to lie underneath their husbands when they demand it. (In other words, she was a powerful feminist. A very intriguing Biblical personality and Im truly sorry that this is the first time Ive ever heard of her.) 12. What is the origin of the word faggot? Is there a link between the group targeted in question and those targeted in this question? Talk about the nature of an orderly sky God and the supposed chaos of the impurities of womens bodies: How has this phenomena manifested itself in relationship to the roles that men and women are expected to fulfill in society historically-the present? The disgusting word faggot originates from the time of witch burnings. Homosexual men were bound together to form as the wood or kindling that would ignite the stake at which the witch was to burned. Charges of witchcraft and homosexuality were often bought together because of their defiance of a heterosexist existence. Early Christian, really, all Christian belief, sanctions the idea of a powerful, commanding, orderly sky God versus the impurity of womens bodies due to the fact that the creation of the universe was to be held at a supernatural level instead of the natural origins that the pagans believed. The pagans believed that life was birthed from the earth-womb of the Mother. In some cultures the Mother was in serpent form and that is, perhaps, why much of the evil in the Bible is pictured in serpent form. It was in early Christian and Hebrew belief that women were naturally pre-dispositioned and susceptible to evil (see Lilith see, also, Eve). It was also written in Genesis (and mentioned above) that man was given dominion over women. This base idea of a mans actions and worth to be greater than womans is an idea that has lasted centuries. Men were to create and women to bear the consequence. The preference of a male God over a Mother Goddess has found itself in that women were forever after treated as second class citizens. The existence of stereotyped gender roles is still very prevalent. As the ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) has never been passed, it is clear that women are still not on equal basis with men. 13. What is Liberation Theology? Relate to Marxism and the social gospel. Liberation Theology is a form of Christian belief that understands and strongly emphasizes the teachings of Jesus Christ as cause to liberate ones self from unfair political, social, and economic oppression to strive for salvation. It was developed and is practiced by South American Roman Catholics. It can be related to Marxism in that Marxism also includes an idea that class struggle is needed to create and inspire change. The social gospel is relatable to Liberation Theology in that it is Christian thought/policy that also deals with struggles with social justice and inequality. 14. Today we consider ourselves to be the bastions of secular society based on reason and rational behavior, but the demonic understanding and explanation for the existence of evil is still with us; give modern day examples and try to explain why this appeal to the supernatural still exists within our society. I think that many people use religion to justify supernatural events because they dont know how else to explain things away. I find, in this section of America, at least, that the appeal to the supernatural is most zealous and prevalent in conservative Christian beliefs. More specifically, negative Christian beliefs. We all know that out of heterosexism and homophobia (which they blamed on Christianity), many people believed that HIV/AIDS was Gods punishment for homosexuals. I feel that people believed that because they were afraid of what they didnt understand and using this hateful supernatural explanation for a horrifying disease made them feel safe. It separated the sinners from the saved, in their minds. I feel as though that this bit of an appeal to the supernatural justified their hate for those who exhibited a different lifestyle from their own. Justification for punishment springs to mind. Along with this religious take on the supernatural comes the belief that the Devil can seduce, tempt, and persuade humans. I feel that many people use this explanation because they cannot accept the bad things theyve done so they must blame it on an outside source, and lets be honest; no one is easier to blame than Satan. Humans also like to explain the bad things in the world on Satan, i.e. natural disasters, murder, and, well, homosexuality. Throughout history it has always been easier for humans to explain cataclysmic events and unusual dealings on the Gods. Although humans believe that we are now well advanced, I believe that blaming AIDS on Gods anger and alcoholism on Satan is no different than blaming Pandora, her box (double meaning?), and her curiosity for the evils of the world. 15. What is the Protestant Reformation and the Copernican Revolution? What does that mean for the demonic perspective? Compare the world view of an individual who lives in a society that espouses a Heliocentric solar system world view and the individual who lives in a society that espouses a Geocentric world view. The Protestant Reformation was the movement led by Martin Luther to reform the Roman Catholic Church and ended up creating the Protestant branch of the Christian church. A focus of the Reformation was that the scripture is and was the sole authority over all human beings. The Copernican Revolution was the time of scientific and astronomical reformation in which people were learning that the universe was Heliocentric rather than Geocentric. The Copernican Revolution was the turning point towards post-traditional thought and belief. I feel that the Protestant Reformation supported the demonic perspective in that if everything in the Bible is true (and youre damn well supposed to believe it) then the supernatural and evil really do exist. The Copernican Revolution, in my mind, debunks demonic perspective in that it pushes scientific thought and explanations as opposed to the supernatural. Those who live and breathe a Geocentric world view most likely hold a demonic understanding of the world as opposed to those of a Heliocentric world view. This is likely because the Heliocentric world view defies the Bibles creation story (in the Bible, the Sun orbits the Earth; the Heliocentric world view is opposite). Also, the Heliocentric world view is a view of modernity while the Geocentric world view tends to support and hold Christian and other traditional beliefs. Extra Credit: What is the nom de plume (pen name) of the author of the War Prayer? Who is the author? Samuel Clemenss pen name was Mark Twain. What is the etymology of the word pagan? Pagan comes from the Latin word paganus which meant rustic, villager, or citizen. Work Citied: Pfohl, Stephen. Images of Deviance and Social Control : a sociological history. 2nd ed. 1985. N.p.: McGraw-Hill, 1994. Print.

Malaysian Pharmaceutical Retail Industry Objective

Malaysian Pharmaceutical Retail Industry Objective The report aims to provide an overview retail pharmacy industry and evaluate factors that propel and restrain the market, government policies, sales trends, potential growth and market outlook. Challenges related to the pharmaceutical retail sector will be outlined and assessed, and insights into marketing plans being deployed to tap into available market opportunities in Malaysia will also be discussed. Malaysias retail pharmacy : an overview Malaysia comes in at fifth in healthcare expenditure when compared to select Asian nations, and is growing at approximately 13% annually (Frost Sullivan 2008). The total national expenditure on healthcare in 2009 exceeded USD 7 billion, and is projected to surpass USD 10 billion by 2020. Retail pharmacy sector presently however contributes only to 17% of the total expenditure only due to restrictions pertaining to government policies, profession workforce, and population perception. The retail pharmacy sector traditionally can be described using organization size and product/service mix criteria. Sole units are comprised primarily of independent pharmacies, usually owned by pharmacists. Multiple-unit pharmacy organizations, or chains, can be divided into small chain and large chain (e.g. 30 or more units). In addition to organization size, the retail pharmacy sector can be characterized by the product/service mix of the organizations, though there is some blurring of this distinction. Some traditional categories include, supermarket (e.g. AEON), and, beauty and healthcare stores (e.g. Guardian, Watsons). Pure drug store is virtually non-existent in the Malaysian retail pharmacy sector as a result of no dispensing separation between the pharmacists and medical practitioners whereby pharmaceutical products can be sold and dispensed by medical practitioners as well. Consequently, this policy, have and still negatively impacting the pharmacy profession practice and retail viability of pure drug store in Malaysia. Therefore, current retail pharmacies generally offer both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical product/services to maintain viable in Malaysian market. The major participants in the Malaysian retail pharmacy scene are multinational corporations such as GCH Retail (M) Sdn Bhd and Watsons Personal Care Store, local companies such as Caring Pharmacy and Trustz Pharmacy, and a plethora of small independently operated pharmacies. In 2009, the multinationals, GCHs Guardian and Watsons collectively dominated 54% of the total market share whilst 46% was divided among local retail pharmacies as shown above (Euromonitor 2010). Generally experienced in dealing with large industries, these multinational corporations compared to the domestic counterparts, have the experties in handling processing, packaging, logistics, inventory management etc. In addition, they have the advantages of economies of scale, retailing of in-house brand, increase in market profit and share, and wider discount parameter for retail healthcare products. chapter 1 External and internal factors influencing retailers marketing strategies In this bearish economy, retailing in Malaysia recorded a downtempo in current value growth (CVG) in 2009 compared to previous year but still at a positive pace (Euromonitor 2010). GDP forecast was reevaluated in May 2009 from 4% to 5% decline for 2009 in light of deteriorating international economic outlook (Euromonitor 2010). While consumer confidence dwindled, discretionary spending was reduced but appeared willing to spend a little bit more during promotional period or turned to cheaper alternatives such as mid-priced/economical in-house brands or generic medications. With ongoing urbanization trend, higher education levels and better living standards generated greater enthusiasm among post recession shopperconsumers regarding self-medication. This further strengthened the importance of retail pharmacies as consumers were able to acquire OTC healthcare, nutritional products and prescription drugs from retail pharmacies. Overall trend of the retail pharmacy sector is gearing towards the sales of generics and OTCs in times of recession. Price of generics are generally lower, 27%-90%, compared to branded/innovator products (Shafie Hassali 2008). Therefore a more cost friendlier option for consumers whilst profit margins of generics are higher than branded/innovator products, which is favorable to retailers a win-win solution. However, sales of non-prescription products such as OTCs, TCMs, vitamins and supplements are still the main contributor to the retail pharmacys revenue at 79%. These products similarly are seeing growth in sales fueled by gains in cough, cold and allergy remedies, amid global slowdown since 2008. Having said so, retailers still employ different marketing strategies to distinguish themselves from existing competitors and attempt to reposition themselves as market leaders some successful while some struggled. Strategies pertaining to each of the different type of organizations will be further discussed as follow: Strategies employed by multinational corporation The multinationals (i.e Guardian, Watsons) have taken a broad spectrum approach by attempting to diversify from traditional dispensing services common to the concept of a pharmacy, into other other market segments regarding to general healthcare and beauty solution to penetrate into wider consumer segments during the time of recession. The retailers responded by engaging in regular promotions and extended sales period to encourage spending and offering a combination of both pharmaceutical services with beauty care. Rapid expansion strategies undertaken by leading chained retailers resulted in a substantial escalation in the chained store numbers in the nation. 2009 saw a slight improvement in the average selling space per outlet of beauty and health specialist retailers. More retailers began opening stores in shopping malls which were larger than their standalone establishments. Most beauty and health specialist retailers launch their retail chains in Klang Valley. This is largely due to greater purchasing power among urban consumers. Nonetheless, more beauty and health specialist retailers are expanding outside Klang Valley in order to serve the rising population and growing purchasing power of consumers in East Malaysia and secondary states. Launching of budget in-house brand is to cover a wider range of consumer segment. Guardian: target market, product and services, promotion GCH Retail (M) Sdn Bhd is a wholly-owned subsidiary of a Hong Kong based Dairy Farm International Holdings Ltd, listed on the Hang Seng Stock Exchange. Dairy Farm International Holdings Ltd is 78% owned by the Jardine Matheson Group, which is listed on the FTSE Stock Exchange in addition to secondary listings on the Singapore Straits and Bermuda Stock Exchanges (Euromonitor 2010). In Malaysia, the company is involved in the operation of Guardian pharmacy, Cold Storage supermarket and Giant hypermarket outlets. In 2009, as a result of its aggressive outlet expansion, with 20 new Guardian outlets, and proactive promotion including daily specials boosted the companys pharmaceutical market share to 35% Figure 2.0, occupying the largest cut of the retail pharmacy market segment. GCH Retails Guardian brand is leading the pack because the retail format is gradually becoming popular in Malaysia. For instance, Guardian spearheaded the concept of modern retail pharmacy by providing professional consultation and service by registered pharmacists, plus holistic health and personal care solution. GCH Retails in-house brand offers quality products at affordable prices because the companys in-house products are manufactured and sourced locally. Moreover, the company, targeting all consumer segment, from low to high income earners, was very aggressive in promoting its home brand products in terms of advertising and promotions, while also developing its product ranges. For instance, Guardian dedicated half a page or full-page advertisements in their in-store brochures or leaflets for their in-house brand products. GCH Retails share of in-house brand products has been growing steadily largely due to developing brand recognition as well as the wider range of items available. In response to the Malaysian governments support initiatives designed to spur small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia, it is expected that the company will continue to source new products for its in-house brand lines. External and internal factors analysis External Internal Threats Economic slowdown Decentralized marketing function: inconsistent brand image Weaknesses Retracted consumer spending Increased rivalry between competitors Opportunities Import/Export: Malaysian Ringgit vs Hong Kong Dollar Good management: able to respond to market change Strength Change in consumers spending pattern Both external and internal factors influence how the company decides to operate. The external factors will be the same for all the market players. Watsons personal care store: target market, product and services, promotion Watsons Personal Care Stores (WPCS) is a subsidiary of the AS Watson Group which is wholly owned by the Hong Kong based Hutchison Whampoa Ltd listed on the Hang Seng Stock Exchange main board and has been in Malaysia since 1994. Being the largest beauty and health retail chain in Asia, in Malaysia, with 211 outlets nationwide following the successful merger and acquisition of Apex Pharmacy Sdn Bhd in Jun 2005, WPCS is one of the most accomplished personal care chain stores (Euromonitor 2010). In 2009, albeit with pharmaceutical value share of 19% Figure 2.0, due to increasing number of beauty and health specialist retailers, WPCS remained the largest community pharmacy retail chain in Malaysia. Having said so, continuous marketing efforts and promotions such as television advertisements, complimentary beauty and health information to consumers, and storewide 20% discount campaign, helped restrain its fall in value share. WPCS offers competitively priced and quality in-house brand products. Its in-house brand lines consist of a larger proportion of cosmetics and toiletries, disposable paper products, OTC healthcare products, bottled water and electrical items, is mainly designed for mass consumers, especially the budget end of the market. The company has been very active in pushing its in-house brand. For example, it has dedicated more shelf space in-store for its inhouse brand items. Coupled with growing brand recognition, as well as a wider range of products, the companys share of in-house brand has grown steadily. External and internal factors analysis External Internal Threats Economic slowdown Over expansion resulting in dissipated consumer services Weaknesses Retracted consumer spending Increased rivalry between competitors Opportunities Import/Export: Malaysian Ringgit vs Hong Kong Dollar Extensive outlet coverage nationwide Strength Change in consumers spending pattern Strategies employed by smaller pharmacy Marketing model of smaller pharmacies focus on establishing good rapport with its customer base and to provide individually customized pharmaceutical services for their clients to cater on the needs of selected consumer segments. The smaller retailers responded by provided extended hour services for the convenience of consumers after working hours access to pharmaceutical items and advice. Loyalty marketing is introduced to maintain or expand their customer base in light of even more competitive environment. A loyalty program may be specific to an individual retailer, or an independent coalition scheme involving a few partners. The latter model is gaining popularity in Malaysia and is established in Europe, Australia and Canada. Specialized services exclusive to pharmacy such as pre-packed dosettes medications to ensure better compliance to medicine, insulin dose adjustments for uncontrolled diabetes management and methadone replacement therapy for heroin dependent patient, cater to unique patients segment that is gradually increasing. Caring pharmacy: target market, product and services, promotion Caring Pharmacy Sdn Bhd is a group of pharmacies under one banner collectively shares the same supply and inventory management similar to that of chain stores, however each outlets are independently owned and operated by pharmacists. Caring Group currently have 46 registered pharmacists operating 40 outlets in Klang valley. Therefore giving the Group the highest number of pharmacist to outlet ratio among retail pharmacy operators in Malaysia. With market share of 12% in 2009 Figure 2.0, Caring is emerging fast as one of the most established local community retail pharmacy. Providing extended hour services from the early hours up to midnight proved to be a potent strategy in establishing its market share as it provides time flexibility to consumers. Caring offers professional consultation by registered pharmacists on uncomplicated ailments and medication management solutions such as pre-packed medications similar to the multi dose Webster-Pak ® for the consumers convenience. The group has been actively promoting its pharmacist consultation service. For instance, public awareness talks by pharmacists on health topics such as hypertension, diabetes, weight-management etc. are frequently organized. Launched in 2006, the first pharmacy reward program as a points accumulation and gift redemption card with Malaysias premier multi-party loyalty program BonusLink, enabled Caring to establish closer contact with their regular clients. External and internal factors analysis External Internal Threats Economic slowdown Too focused on domestic/localization growth Weaknesses Retracted consumer spending Increased rivalry between competitors Opportunities Change in consumers spending pattern Good corporate core value: pharmacist service for all consumer segments Strength chapter 2 Strategic recommendation for the retail pharmacy industry The Malaysian as well as the global economy continued to see tough times in 2009. Despite an unemployment rate that was on the rise and consumer spending falling, consumers remained largely loyal to established pharmacy names when it comes to fulfilling their healthcare needs. Some consumers also switched to self-medication in times of minor ailments as a bid to go back to work for fear that they might lose their jobs in the recession. Retail pharmacies are seeing an increase in consumer sales contribution of 0.2% for 2009 against 2008. This was largely due to the expansion of outlets such as Watsons which attracted consumer interest for its one-stop shopping. In 2007, the population in Malaysia was reported to be just over 27 million which, according to United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. By 2015, its projected that Malaysias population will reach more than 30.7 million. Currently, the country has relatively young population, with nearly 60% Malaysians below the age of 30 in 2007. Regardless, the population is steadily aging, with the median age of the population increasing from 22.5 years in 1995 to 24.6 years in 2007. The aging population in Malaysia, usually earning more than their younger counterparts and are usually relatively established in terms of family and home and more aware of their health status, is expected to drive consumer healthcare expenditure. Consumer of this category is expected to drive increased demand for medical and health-related products and services, including pharmaceuticals and OTC drugs, vitamins and dietary supplements, health drinks and medical equipment. On the other hand, its projected that still over one-half of the Malaysian population will be under 30 years-old in 2015 so, while there will be some new emphasis on products for older consumers, younger consumers will remain a potent force, exercising significant purchasing power and driving continuing demand for the wide range of youth oriented products. This category of consumers are becoming more health conscious, recent survey that 80% of fast moving consumer goods shoppers now think about their health more than they did before. Hence, this will spur demand for core healthcare products and influence sales in tangential sectors such as food and beverages, and healthcare services. Offer Mix : Product portfolio adjustment and pricing tactic Product portfolio adjustment As living costs, including healthcare costs, are expected to rise, consumers will be more endeavous to try out economical in-house brand products and self-medicate, respectively. Additionally, more consumers understand the helpfulness of vitamins and dietary supplements as preventative measures against environment, diet and age-related ailments such as joint and back pain, immune systems, osteoporosis and lack of balance nutritional values. The relatively fast growth rate of consumer healthcare sales was not equally spread among in-house brand lines. It should be noted that not all categories saw higher in-house brand growth, as some were mostly dependent on growth by branded products. Within consumer healthcare, in-house brand product line is expected to grow in wound treatment products such as sticking plasters and topical germicidal/antiseptic Figure 3.0, especially in the midst of an economic slowdown and an influenza A (H1N1) outbreak, respectively. Coupled with strict registration requirements in Malaysia for all medicines, either branded or generics, in-house brand is unlikely to perform well in consumer healthcare categories such as oral analgesics, cough, cold and allergy (hay fever) remedies or digestive remedies as consumers remained largely loyal to established brands mainly because these brands are long-time trusted names that consumers find most effective or have simply grown accustomed to purchasing. However, consumers will increasingly demand convenient and effective products so as to meet their increasingly stressful and busy lifestyles. Therefore, easy to apply or easy to use products such as Nexcare Acne Patch and Gaviscon Liquid Sachets are expected to attract consumer interest, especially among the younger generation of the population. Retailers will need to expand their consumer healthcare product ranges in order to maintain competitive in the market. However, retailers should focus on producing lower-cost and in-house branded products such as topical analgesics, antipruritics, other wound treatments, vitamins and dietary supplements, that enjoy strong demand among consumers. Pricing tactic Consumers will be shopping around for the best deals. It is not necessary for retailers to cut list prices, but may offer more short termed price promotions, lower quantity threshold discounts, provide credit to long-standing customers, and more aggressively price smaller pack sizes. In tough times, price cuts attract more consumer support than promotions such as mail in offers and sweepstakes. Promotion mix : conventional advertising and online marketing Despite the growth of electronic communications, printed newsletter and television still play an important role in Malaysians daily life and their pursuit of information and entertainment. As shown in Figure 4.0, printed adspend dominated 54% followed by television adspend at 37% of the total adspend respectively for the year 2009. Major newspapers include three English-language dailies, two Malay-language dailies, five Chinese-language dailies, and two Tamil-language dailies. The Malaysian has a wide range of magazines covering lifestyle, fashion, business, and special interest topics such as fishing, motoring, health and wellness and childcare. Magazines in Malaysia are usually published on a fortnight or monthly basis and are available via subscription, at retail outlets, convenience shops and small grocery stores. The internet has had a significant impact on Malaysia over the past several years. The number of internet users grew from nearly five million users in 2000 to more than 12 million users in 2007, reflecting growth of 144%. Just as significantly, the household penetration rate of personal computers in Malaysia increased from 13.5% in 1995 to 34.7% in 2007. Tethered with such growth, online adspend recorded 72% spike growth from 2007-2009, and is expected to continue capturing readership share at the expense of printed media, in-line with household penetration rate of internet-enabled computers increases in Malaysia. Mobile advertising will be in vogue as internet handheld devices gains market penetration, particularly among the younger population. Advertising platforms such as Apples iAd is a prime example of cutting-edge mobile advertising where advertisements are not just informative but interactive as well. Advertisements of this kind, can be updated real time by retailers with short-term sales promotion similar to Malaysia Airlines Lunch-hour flight deals or provide interactive online shopping experience, will revolutionize conventional concept of promotional advertising. Hence, internet will have an impact on how retailers attempt to reach Malaysian consumers and, in a less significant but nevertheless growing way presently on how Malaysians shop. However, as in most countries, online advertising and internet retailing is expected to increase. conclusion Consumers in Malaysia are changing their healthcare shopping behavior in various ways at times of recession. While many opted for other more economical retailers, there are some who remained loyal to their preferred retailers while reducing the number of trips and spending. They are more comfortable in seeking out deals and using coupons, and will purchase both in-house brands or branded products whichever provides the best value. Definition of value is also changing. Previously, value is often perceived as quality and options, but during recession this is synonymous with price, while moving out of recession, value will mean that consumers get what they want at the best possible price. Pharmacy retailers can capitalize on consumers needs by providing increased personalized marketing and shopping experience. Consumers are shifting towards meaningful and unique shopping experience, particularly in purchasing healthcare items. Consumer in control Present consumers know are clear of what they want and many will go the distance in search of the best offers, some consumers, due to their lifestyle fluidity simply require products that satisfy their needs. Mobile shopping will be the next frontier for retailers to venture into as on-the-go consumers who emphasize on shopping convenience and speed of transactions. Pharmacy retailers can tap into this market and formulate marketing plans unique to loyal mobile shoppers. Conventional in-store consumers are bombarded with too much product information creating confusion and delaying purchases. Retailers and manufacturers should collaborate to satisfy consumers needs such as using attractive colors and creating simplistic product packaging to facilitate consumers search for healthcare products. Retailers diversify and re-brand to stay relevant Pharmacy retailers diversifying into in-house product line will need to factor in consumers shopping preference on established branded healthcare products when formulating in-house product marketing plans. Many consumers maintained loyalty to established brands due to familiarity to a product or confident with its effectiveness. However, in-house branded product line such as wound care, vitamin and supplements are projected to grow due to regional disease outbreak and economic downtempo. New and improve in-house product lines with convenience in mind such as topical analgesics and sachet digestive remedies will appeal to consumers particularly the younger customers. Retailers may need to revamp certain product lines with new design, improve in-house brand offers and a compelling ad-campaign, to appeal to younger consumers. Future of retail pharmacy Retail pharmacy landscape is shifting largely attributed to economic changes, the growth of online retailing and more recently mobile commerce. With increasing use of smart handheld devices in Malaysia, mobile advertising and commerce is projected to grow substantially. Retailers will have to employ a multi-channel marketing approach. Online retailing will provide a platform for retailers disseminate unique and targeted product offers for consumers to research, plan their shopping trips and ultimately attract consumers into stores. Once in store, consumers will look for premium service coupled with simplified shopping experience in terms of product availability and ease of locating the products. Now more than ever consumers becoming more sophisticated and informed in making choices. They desire to know the origin of the product, what they are made of and how their lives can be improved with them. In general, future consumer wants a simplified, personalized and meaningful shopping exp erience with a focus on value.

Odd Couple :: essays papers

Odd Couple Themes and characters are most often the key factors that influence a writer's work. Most of the time the author has no control over this influence. This is clearly shown in Neil Simon's play, The Odd Couple. Not only is Simon's own life depicted in his play, but also the lives of those close to him, can be parallel to his work. Neil Simon's life is depicted in his characters and themes of his play, The Odd Couple. Marvin Neil Simon was born in the Bronx on July 4, 1927. His father, Irving, was a salesman in Manhattan's garment district; his mother Mamie worked in Gimbel's department store. The family moved to Washington Heights, in northern Manhattan, when Simon was young. Irving was an errant husband who occasionally abandoned the family altogether, leaving Mamie, a frustrated and bitter women, alone to deal with Neil and his older brother Danny. Eventually, the parents were divorced, and Neil went to live with relatives in Queens. From an early age, he exhibited a quick wit and an active imagination. He loved films and was often asked to leave the theater for laughing to loud. In high school, Simon was sometimes ostracized as a Jew, an experience that would later inform his work. Meanwhile, he and his brother began collaborating on comedy material that they sold to stand-up comics and radio announcers. Simon graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School in 1944 at the age of sixteen(Magill2216). He entered New York University under the US Army Airforce Reserve Program. Throughout his military career, he wrote for many military newspapers. Discharged in 1946, Simon took a job in the mail room at Warner Brothers in New York, where Danny worked in the publicity department. The brothers were soon hired to write for Goodman Ace of CBS, and over the next decade they provided material for many popular comedians. During the summers of 1952 and 1953, they wrote sketches for a professional acting company at Camp Tamiment, in Pennsylvania. At Camp Tamiment, Simon fell in love with a young actress named Joan Baim, and the couple was married on September 30, 1953. Five years later, Joan gave birth to a daughter, Ellen; a second daughter, Nancy, was born in 1963(Magill2261). In 1956, when Danny Simon moved to California to be a television director, Neil stayed in New York and wrote for many popular television shows. He also adapted broadway plays for television. By the later 1950's, however, he wanted more independence