Friday, December 27, 2019

athens rome - 904 Words

Athens: amp;#61623; Democracy-rule by the people amp;#61623; Power in Council amp;#61623; Leading the Council was oligarchy (small group of rulers who controlled the judicial, military, civil and religious functions of government) amp;#61623; Oligarchy became powerful and passed laws for its benefit amp;#61623; Farmers and merchants revolted amp;#61623; Nobles saw the danger in the future, so they distributed land of the wealthy to the poor and it gave Assembly power to pass laws and elect gov’t officials amp;#61623; Direct democracy developed-more people had a say in gov’t amp;#61623; Beliefs: Majority rule (law making process and jury trials), all citizens equal amp;#61623; Women, slaves and foreigners were not citizens- unable†¦show more content†¦in parliament , in order to tax and change laws European Philosophers: amp;#61623; John Locke-natural rights (people were born with life, liberty, and property), when gov’t established, there is a social contract btwn. the people and gov’t, if the gov’t does not meet needs of people, people can form new gov’t.-ideas incorporated in DI amp;#61623; Montesquieu-French-no one person was allowed to make, enforce or interpret laws in England’s gov’t. Believed division of power prevented abuse- ideas in Constitution for separation of power amp;#61623; Rousseau-French-people had right to determine how they should be governed and not some tyrant Colonial Influence: amp;#61623; Mercantilism-nation trying to export more than import-solely for benefit of mother country. This would help mother country strengthen treasury and build military. In return, colonies got protection. amp;#61623; House of Burgesses (1619)-king instructed colonies to setup own assembly-helped with two foundation of American gov’t, (1) rep. were elected from own community and (2) Americans had chance to experience rep. gov’t. and solved own problems amp;#61623; Mayflower Compact-by the pilgrims-Americans live under a gov’t of their choosing, direct democracy, majority rule, laws should treat all fairly amp;#61623;Show MoreRelatedPantheon of Rome and the Parthenon of Athens549 Words   |  2 PagesPantheon of Rome and the Parthenon of Athens Introduction Since the times of ancient Rome, there has been work of art including architecture. The invention of architectural objects boosted the construction industry and among the results of architecture was building of temples. Since the ancient people like the romans had beliefs in gods, they constructed temples, places of worship. Among them were the Pantheon of Rome and the Parthenon of Athens. Style of Pantheon of Rome and culture The templeRead MoreClassical Societies : China, Athens, And Rome Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Societies: China, Athens, and Rome: Review of Social, Economic, Political, and Cultural Situations The three areas of classical civilizations developed their cultural beliefs, lifestyles, political institutions, and social structures. However, there were significant similarities among them. Patriarchal values thrived in these civilizations. The male dominated family structure with loyalty and obedience heavily stressed in China s homes. Chinas Patriarchal society reinforced by ConfucianRead MoreRise and Fall of Athens and Ancient Rome Essay examples758 Words   |  4 Pagescities such as New York City. Two of these cities, ancient Athens and ancient Rome, stand out from other cities of their time due to their culture, politics, and influence, both on the world around them and on future civilizations. 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Ancient Greeks pined to have a perfect world through dedication and analysis. Perfection in arts, architecture and philosophy woul d help them achieve a perfect mind. The main aim of thegoldenRead MoreThe Battle Of The Peloponnesian War1494 Words   |  6 PagesCorinthians and Spartans suddenly attacked the Athenians and almost defeated Athens’ entire fleet. A large amount of the 180 Athenian ships were lost, while the 20 Spartan ships came out barely harmed. There could be no possible recovery for Athens after the damage that had been inflicted upon them. Without their fleet, the strategy of Pericles failed. A Spartan army invaded Attica in 404 BC. After a short struggle, Athens was forced to surrender. Editorial Section Letters to the Editor The advancementRead MoreThe History of the Olympic Games1470 Words   |  6 Pagesduring the Persian Wars. In 146 BC, the Romans gained control of Greece and, therefore, of the Olympic games. In 85 BC, the Roman general Sulla plundered the sanctuary to finance his campaign against Mithridates. Sulla also moved the 175th Olympiad to Rome. The games were held every four years from 776 BC to 393 AD. With the spread of Christianity, the games declined in popularity. They were finally abolished by the Christian Byzantine Emperor Theodosius I in 393 AD.. The ancient Olympic Games lastedRead MoreAncient Greece and Greek Gods Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pages |capital. | | |Athenian |594BCE – 274 CE |Athens was a city-state (polis) of|Concerned with moral |Polytheistic. Athena was the|Both parents must be |594 – Solon | | | | |Greece. Poli were loyal only to |behavior, economic |patron goddess of Athens, |Athenian. |established wealth | | | | Read More Olympics Essay1354 Words   |  6 Pagestook 1503 years for the Olympics to return. The first modern Olympic games took place in Athens Greece in 1896. The man responsible for the rebirth was a Frenchman named Baron Pierre De Coubertin, who presented the idea in 1894. His original idea was to present the modern games in 1900 in his hometown Paris. But others were so enthusiastic with the idea that they convinced him to move it to 1896 and have Athens host it. There were many great athletes throughout the history of the Olympics, But where

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Should The Usage Of Non Renewable Source Of Energy Decrease

Suraj Shah Atkins Gordeeva College Writing 1310 26 July 2016 Should the Usage of Non-Renewable Source of Energy Decrease? Energy is defined as the ability to do work that can neither be created nor be destroyed, can only be transfer from one form of energy to other. There are many kind of energy such as mechanical energy, potential energy etc. In our daily life we need different types of energy resource in each and every time to do our work such as we need electricity to run our electrical devices, gasoline to drive our vehicle and so on. Energy are produced from different source i.e. renewable source of energy and non- renewable source of energy. Renewable source of energy refers to inexhaustible source of energy such as solar energy,†¦show more content†¦As the productions of fossil fuels is in very high amount and increasing to provide supply to increasing demands. Which leads to decrease in quantity of raw fuels in earth. If the usage of fossils fuels goes on increasing like this, then there will be no left of fuels for our future generations. There will be fuel crisis in the future which w ill affect the daily living of coming generations. As they have to find the new idea for the source of energy and develop it quickly there will be problem created for the under developed or developing nations as their economy are not in good conditions. Fossil fuels are converted into the form of energy by the reaction of the chemical presence in fuels which emits different harmful gases. The most common harmful gas that emit are the CO2 (Carbon dioxide), CO (carbon monoxide) etc. which have significant effect on the earth atmosphere. Human activity, such as burning fossil fuels causes more greenhouse gases to build up in the atmosphere. As the atmosphere thickens with more greenhouse gases, more heat is held in. Fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas are high in carbon and, when burned, produce major amounts of carbon dioxide or CO2. A single gallon of gasoline, when burned, puts 19 pounds of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The role of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in warming the Earth s surface was first demonstrated by Swedish

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Friendly Relations between Countries-Free-Samples-Myassignement

Question: Identify and Examine such forms of expression of friendly relations between Countries. Answer: Dear Mr Donald Trump, I would like to extend my sincere congratulations on the occasion of National day Anniversary of the United State. I wish your country and its people, who are celebrating this National day anniversary well-being and a prosperity as well as fruitful cooperation and new initiative. ]Your Excellency, the national day Anniversary gives me a chance to convey to you and your compatriots all my heartfelt wishes of peace and prosperity in your country. [2]May God accompany as well as support all your efforts to build a more constant consolidated as well as united society, especially by inspiring hope to the younger generations. With this wish, I pray with the whole heart the Divine blessing to your Excellency, the leaders of the country as well as the entire America nation. Our countries have made significant jubilees, especially in the establishment of diplomatic relations and signed a friendship, cooperation as well as Mutual Assistance Treaty. Over the years, we have been able to advance our whole complexity of the bilateral relations. There has been effective cooperation which has always been underway in the frame of our economic union. America has helped bring our country one to have one of the best economical great nation across the Africa nations. I have confident that through the joint effort which we have established there will be further strengthening of the bond which has allied the partnership between America and Nigeria. It goes in tune to say there has been fundamental interest of the fraternal individuals of our people of the other countries, along with the path of stability and security in our country. As America and Nigeria mark the diplomatic relations, they also celebrate the significant achievement that have been reached, especially in the strengthening of the dialogue between the two countries and also their people along with the bilateral cooperation we have had. [3]America has been a key partners as well as an ally of Nigeria. I believe with America on our side we would be able to efficiently the continental issues which have arisen especially on the security and work strengthen unity in our region, deliver on the long term goals for our citizen and building on the common future for all our people. During your presidency, there has been much which have been undertaken so as to bring our two countries together, to come to positions that are common on pressing the defense, politics, energy as well as other issues along with developing the bilateral cooperation that has existed over the years. [4]We really appreciate our significant contribution in the strengthening the bond of the partnership and friendship between America and Nigeria. I am much confident that these bonds will grow as well as expand in the future, with our people engaged ever more actively in the joint education, innovation, culturally as well as other projects. May i again offer congratulation to you and the people of America as you celebrate this National day Anniversary and wish all the happy celebration. Please do accept my best wished and assurance of the highest consideration Mr president. Bibliography Barston, Ronald Peter. Modern diplomacy. Routledge, 2014. Melissen, Jan. "The new public diplomacy: Between theory and practice." In The new public diplomacy, pp. 3-27. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. Moons, Selwyn JV, and Peter AG Bergeijk. "Does Economic Diplomacy Work? A Meta?analysis of Its Impact on Trade and Investment." The World Economy 40, no. 2 (2017): 336-368. Poulsen, Lauge N. Skovgaard. Bounded rationality and economic diplomacy: The politics of investment treaties in developing countries. Cambridge University Press, 2015 Ronald, Peter Barston. Modern diplomacy. Routledge, 2014. Jan, Melissen. "The new public diplomacy: Between theory and practice." In The new public diplomacy, pp. 3-27. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. Lauge N. Skovgaard, Poulsen. Bounded rationality and economic diplomacy: The politics of investment treaties in developing countries. Cambridge University Press, 2015 Peter AG Bergeijk, Selwyn JV, and Moons . "Does Economic Diplomacy Work? A Meta?analysis of Its Impact on Trade and Investment." The World Economy 40, no. 2 (2017): 336-368

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

The Theory of Social Contracts Essay Example

The Theory of Social Contracts Essay The period of Enlightenment ushered in an age of intellectual development as well as theoretical formations on the concept of society. English political thinker Thomas Hobbes and French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau posit political treatises on the formation of social contracts as a necessity of man and eventually leads to the establishment of an ideal government. The paper will discuss first the concept of man’s nature according to both philosophers in order to determine the reason behind the formation of such contracts which will subsequently lead to the conception of governments and sovereignty. Hobbes proposes that man is essentially at war with other men, motivated by personal desire and fear of death that inhibits the formation of a peaceful society. Rousseau however, contradicts Hobbes argument of man as naturally at war but looks into a different state wherein man possesses compassion which enables the formation of ideal relationships and eventually, social contrac ts. We look into Hobbes’s viewpoint in his treatise Leviathan and compare and contrast several arguments with Rousseau’s On The Origin of Inequality and Social Contracts. Hobbes’ Natural Man and Covenants Hobbes’ political theory in Leviathan stipulates the formation of covenants as the final end of man’s actions, transgressing from his natural state wherein man is in constant war with himself and with others. First, we define Hobbes’ argument on the natural state of man that provides the basis of conflict. In comparison with Rousseau’s viewpoint, the nature of social contracts is reversed, wherein Rousseau’s notion of social conventions is negative compared to Hobbes’ notion of contracts as a deviation from the erring state of human nature. Hobbes argues: â€Å"For every man look that his companion should value him at the same rate he sets upon himself, and upon all signs of contempt or undervaluing naturally endeavor to extort a greater value from his condemners. So that in the nature of man, we find three principal causes of quarrel. First, competition; secondly, diffidence; thirdly, glory (Hobbes 84). The primitive state of man is bordere d on Hobbes’ statement â€Å"where every man is enemy to every man† (Hobbes 85). Each individual is focused on the aspiration for personal gain, thus creating conflict or an unharmonious relationship because of completion (gain), diffidence (safety, self-preservation), and glory (reputation). The chaotic context provided in Hobbes argument consequently inhibits the concept of justice in a particular social setting. Since man is motivated by personal gain, the fear of death through self-preservation, and personal glory, there is no concept of right and wrong or even justice. â€Å"Where there is no common power, there is no law; where no law, no injustice† (Hobbes 85). Thus, we see Hobbes attempt to present his first law on man’s natural state: that man, motivated by personal gain, sets himself in conflict with other men who pursue the same object. He then narrates â€Å"the passions that incline men to peace are: fear of death; desire of such things as a re necessary to commodious living; and a hope by their industry to obtain them† (Hobbes 86). We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Social Contracts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Social Contracts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Social Contracts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to Hobbes, the natural law governing social relationships is motivated by the passions; specifically, man’s fear of death. Thus, the first natural law, in context with the natural state, is that every man has innate rights or liberty to will himself to self-preservation and that one can do anything to his body, even to another person. As long as this natural law exists, there can be no harmonious buildup of society. The second law then obligates man to create peace or to achieve peace through any means necessary and from here, man is then obligated to set such rule to all and that every right of man is necessary to be withdrawn or transferred in order to build peace; since to maintain the second rule, man will be constantly at war. The renouncement of rights is essentially good in itself because it aspires for the majority rather than the self, governed by selfish passions. However, such rights are not to be taken away by force or for an individual to force himself o f withdrawing his own, since â€Å"he cannot be understood to aim thereby at any good to himself† (Hobbes 91). Renouncement of rights should be voluntary and by choice, in order to determine the goodness which will benefit the majority. Thus, social contracts or covenants are formed. Hobbes argues that for a man to achieve peace, it is necessary to break away, through the tenets of reason, from the natural state wherein every individual is motivated by personal gain and fear of death. This fear motivates the individual, in relation to self-preservation, to create contracts with other men in order to achieve peace, wherein the value of life becomes the unifying factor for all; thus creating peace and harmony. Covenants are then considered to be the agreements that will benefit two parties aspiring for different objects. Justice then presents itself in the presence of covenants, for justice occurs when an individual performs or acts upon the agreement or covenant while injustic e is the failure to establish covenants which inadvertently places the individual in his former natural state. Hobbes definition of the natural state and the natural law focuses on the importance of self-preservation or the fear of the death in relation to the individual. In contrast with Rousseau, the formation of contract is that of beneficial to man rather than Rousseau’s argument that society itself that provides inequality and conflict. Contracts, through reason, necessitate a societal framework that is governed by the inexpressible right of every man to survival and preservation of life. The Commonwealth For Hobbes, the ideal form of government is the formation of the commonwealth which acts as the â€Å"final cause, end or design of men (who naturally love liberty and dominion over others) in the introduction of that restraint upon themselves, in which we see them live in Commonwealths, is the foresight of their own preservation, and of a more contented life thereby† (Hobbes 116). The formation of covenants, which represent a duty-bound notion to aspire for peaceful societal conditions, inevitably leads to its conception wherein the withdrawal of individual rights is penultimate toward its formation. Conventions serve the function as a mean toward the aspiration of the common power or will of the majority. Common power acts as a protection against external attack or injuries that an individual may cause upon the other and is formed through the transcendence of personal right to a man or an assembly: â€Å"Confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, that may reduce all their will, by plurality of their voice, unto one will: which is as much to say, to appoint one man, or assembly of men, to bear their person† (Hobbes 118). Every man should then willingly state: â€Å"I authorize and give up my right of governing myself to this man, or to this assembly of men, on this condition; that thou give up thy right to him and authorize all his action in like manner† (Hobbes 118). We take into context a mix between a democracy (representation of the few) and monarchy (rule by a sovereign). However, Hobbes’ monarchy is not entirely absolute, ruled by the elite or loyalty; rather Hobbes’ conception of monarchy focuses on the rule of a sovereign where powers are granted by the conventions of the majority. From such, the sovereign is then obligated to perform the powers bestowed upon the social covenants; the sovereign itself being a representation of the general will of the people. The Commonwealth The sovereign, either instituted in one man or an assembly of men, is bestowed power of the withheld rights by society or subjects. As sovereign, its responsibility lies on any action or authorization to ensure the presence of duration of peace and to create any means necessary to protect individuals from others as well as to protect attacks from other societies. According to Hobbes, there are only three kinds of commonwealth and nothing else; a democracy, monarchy, or aristocracy. Hobbes does not believe that no man aspires for a turbulent and rocky society. However, Hobbes is partial toward a monarchial government, which, according to him, generally embodies the conventions made by man, and in essence, the nature of a commonwealth: â€Å"The riches power and honor of a monarch arise only from the riches, strength, and reputation of his subject. For no king can be rich nor glorious, nor secure, whose subjects are either poor, or contemptible, or too weak through want, or dissension† (Hobbes 130). Amor Propre and Civil Society On the other hand, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s work Discourse on Inequality and Social Contract primarily present arguments against Hobbes’ definition on the natural state of man in contrast with social systems and conventions. Rousseau argues on the condition of the human soul as it progresses from its distinct natural form up until the pure state of man is transformed through social relationships or systems. First, he argues the physical differences of man, which in essence, does not ultimately provide a firm basis of inequality: I conceive that there are two kinds of inequality among the human species; one which I call natural or physical, because it is established by nature, and consists in a difference of age, health, bodily strength, and the qualities of the mind or the soul; and another, which may be called moral or political inequality, because it depends on a kind of convention. (Rousseau 1) Apart from physical differences, inequality falls under the moral or political sense. In the context of social structure, inequality lies on the ladder of power and wealth, wherein the notion of civil society is created by the rich in order to suppress the poor of wealth and maintain power among the elite few. In contrast with Hobbes, Rousseau presents a different view of man’s natural state wherein man is savage in nature wherein ideas are generated by sense experience. But in opposition to regular animals, man has reason that establishes himself apart from common animals. The natural behavior of man is similar to that of Hobbes’ viewpoint but differs in motivation. According to Rousseau, the basic instinct of man is self-preservation, free will and compassion; the last being the most important part in man’s natural state wherein Hobbes contends to man’s natural war with the other. He contends Hobbes’ view of man’s nature which compels him w ith the fear of death. However, Rousseau argues: â€Å"the knowledge of death and its terrors being one of the first acquisitions made by man in departing from an animal state† (Rousseau 17). In contrast, Hobbes’ provides death as a motivator for withdrawing personal rights in order to achieve peace while Rousseau presents reason as a way of fighting the irrational passions that push him out of his natural state. In addition, compassion is the important natural virtue that contradicts selfish impulses or vices which come from the passions or irrational tendencies of man. Rousseau narrates that Hobbes’ definition of man does not provide himself with an idea of goodness, that man may be considered as evil. Rousseau’s view presents man, in his primitive state, as essentially good, and possesses virtue. â€Å"so many writers have hastily concluded that man is naturally cruel, and requires civil institutions to make him more mild; whereas nothing is more gent le than man in his primitive state, as he is placed by nature at an equal distance from the stupidity of brutes† (Rousseau 47). Compassion is the most important aspect of man, along with innate desires of preservation, reason and free will. â€Å"It is this compassion that hurries us without reflection to the relief of those who are in distress: it is this which in a state of nature supplies the place of laws, morals, and virtue, with the advantage that none are tempted to disobey its gentle voice† (Rousseau 31). Compassion generates interaction with other men and the natural instinct of self-preservation, as times continue to progress, enables the individual to improve living conditions. Thus, the combination of compassion, reason, self-preservation enables the individual to form conventions with other men. However, the problem lies with the development of amour propre, the subsequent regularity of conventions where man’s reason is garbled to a false sense of dependency on the individuals through improvement of self-perception and acquiring favor. The natural, non-invasive self-love is transformed to a more self-centered and jealous love of others. â€Å"Man must now, therefore, have been perpetually employed in getting others to interest themselves in his lot and in making them, apparently at least, if not really, find their advantage in promoting his own† (Rousseau 51). This corrosive notion of self-love produces competition, comparison with others, hatred, and the continuous search of ambition and power: â€Å"In a word, there arose rivalry and competition on the one hand and conflicting interests on the other, together with a secret desire on both profiting at the expense of others† (Rousseau 51). The Social Contract Thus, Rousseau defines man’s state of nature as it develops amour propre. To deviate from the natural state, the formation of social contract is evident in order to rid of the evils pertaining civil society. According to Rousseau, the conception of social contracts delimits the individual from inequality and therefore frees himself from the trappings of social classification. The purpose of the contract is to establish a body that will inadvertently defend the rights of the individual and the right of society as a while. Similar to that of Hobbes’ notion, social contracts are meant to deviate the condition of human nature from its amoral/evil sense in order to create society focused on peace. The social contract, in Rousseau’s perspective, is founded on the presence of the general will: â€Å"Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and in our corporate capacity, we receive each member as an indivisi ble part of the whole† (Rousseau Social Contract, 59). The general will is the summation of all opinions of the majority, which in turn acts as an abstract form that aims toward the good of all. Rousseau also posits the idea of a sovereign which acts a representative of the people. The people however, in Rousseau’s form of government, are not represented by senators or magistrates but represent themselves as a symbol of the general will. Sovereign Similarities Both philosophers argue on the importance of social contracts in establishing relationships with people in order to construct an acceptable and peaceful social framework. Both stress the importance of the ‘natural’ law of man to deviate himself from his primary state and is obligated to create a world without indifference and conflict through commonality of opinions and desire. The difference lies on both philosophers account of man’s nature, wherein Hobbes argues that man is essentially evil and it is through civil relationship that man refines himself and achieves peace. Rousseau contradicts Hobbes’ arguments that he had failed to include compassion as a virtue in man’s natural state. Rousseau opines negatively toward civil societies, that conventions itself ruin man’s natural state through social classification and levels of power. Instead, Rousseau posits man as a docile creature until society corrupts his natural state. On the subject of contracts, both thinkers apply the same rule for the formation of social agreement as majority of society transfers its rights toward a sovereign that which governs and protects them. However, Hobbes is partial toward a monarchial government wherein it is suited with the embodiment of his covenants while Rousseau proposes the same powers for a sovereign but also adds the presence of the government to mitigate the function of the sovereign who acts as the representation of the general will while the government attends to particular or private wills. Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments Economic theorist Adam Smith proposes on his treatise Theory of Moral Sentiments the formation of a consciousness in the perspective of a leader, or in Rousseau’s/Hobbes’ context, a sovereign, in order to determine, apart from proper behavior, the rules and regulations that one must impose upon the subjects of society. Smith narrates: â€Å"We suppose ourselves the spectators of our own behavior, and to endeavor to imagine what effect it would, in this light produce upon us† (Smith 112). In context of a sovereign, it is essential, according to Smith, to examine actions and decisions through a detached position wherein the leader supposes himself to be a common citizen that according to theory, provides the power and responsibility of governance. Thus, rules imposed upon the subjects of sovereignty should be taken into proper consideration by the sovereign, so as to measure the worth and value of behavior reflection upon society, according to Smith. For example, a ruler’s ethical behavior is dependent on the laws in which he imposes over the ruled. Harsh policies that generally disfavor society imply that the ruler may be arrogant and selfish and therefore does not suit the position. Lenient policies on the other hand may imply a carefree attitude with the lack of seriousness that a good leader must possess. Thus, rules and impositions should situate itself in the middle rather than the extreme and through Smith’s propositions, the leader must then view rules as an ordinary citizen. In relation to Hobbes’ and Rousseau’s social theories, the concept of the sovereign is created by the people and represents the general will. Therefore, there is an implication of a natural balance of power between the governed and the sovereign. In Hobbes view, the sovereign’s duty is dictated or authored by the subjects and therefore cannot harm the governed whether through abuse or dereliction of duty; rather, the formation o f laws and policies are in relation toward the fulfillment of the commonwealth’s purpose – that is, the preservation of peace. However, Hobbes monarchial standpoint does not entirely agree with Smith’s proposition since the monarch, utilizing the commonwealth’s purpose, has the power of censorship on speech, publication or any other form of expression that may disturb the peaceful status quo. Thus, Smith’s proposal cannot be applied with Hobbes’s notion of government. However, Rousseau takes into consideration the general will of the populace that also gives right and power to the sovereign. But Rousseau does not imply the purpose of peace in his government; rather, he focuses on the general will as given power. The sovereign has then the duty to make sure that laws do not violate the freedom of every individual for it is they who had created power in the first place. Works Cited Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Mineola, N.Y. Dover Publications, 2006. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2004. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. The Social Contract. New York: Penguin Classics, 1968. Smith, Adam. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publications, 1997.